Our Legislative Reform Agenda > Representation of the People (Election Manifestos Regulation Amendment), Bill – 2025 Representation of the People (Election Manifestos Regulation Amendment) Bill, 2025 [Full Draft] READ THE FULL BILL DRAFT HERE READ THE FULL BILL DRAFT HERE READ THE FULL BILL DRAFT HERE READ THE FULL BILL DRAFT HERE READ THE BRIEF of the above draft here READ THE BRIEF of the above draft here READ THE BRIEF of the above draft here READ THE BRIEF of the above draft here RP (EM Regulation Amendment) Bill, 2025 – English Brief RP (EM Regulation Amendment) Bill, 2025 – Telugu Brief RP (EM Regulation Amendment) Bill, 2025 – Hindi Brief YOU CAN PLEDGE YOUR SUPPORT TO THIS LEGISLATION YOU CAN PLEDGE YOUR SUPPORT TO THIS LEGISLATION YOU CAN PLEDGE YOUR SUPPORT TO THIS LEGISLATION YOU CAN PLEDGE YOUR SUPPORT TO THIS LEGISLATION BY SENDING EMAILS TO BY SENDING EMAILS TO BY SENDING EMAILS TO BY SENDING EMAILS TO OUR HON'BLE PRIME MINISTER, OUR HON'BLE PRIME MINISTER, OUR HON'BLE PRIME MINISTER, OUR HON'BLE PRIME MINISTER, OUR HON'BLE LEADER OF OPPOSITION, & OUR HON'BLE LEADER OF OPPOSITION, & OUR HON'BLE LEADER OF OPPOSITION, & OUR HON'BLE LEADER OF OPPOSITION, & OUR HON'BLE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT OUR HON'BLE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT OUR HON'BLE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT OUR HON'BLE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT Email Subject Line & Body Text (For our Hon'ble Prime Minister & Leader of Oppostion) Email ID: appt.pmo@nic.in office@rahulgandhi.in rahul.gandhi@sansad.nic.in rahul.gandhi@mpls.sansad.in Email Subject Line: Appeal by a Concerned Indian | Need for a Legislation to Regulate Election Promises | Urgent Attention & Action Requested Email Body Text: Greetings Hon'ble Prime Minister & Leader of the Opposition, As an Indian citizen, I appeal your attention to the urgent need of regulating the election promises made by the political parties and political candidates in their election manifestos by way of working towards the enactment of a parliamentary legislation titled "Representation of the People (Election Manifestos Regulation Amendment) Bill, 2025 " . A draft of this bill can be found at the link given below for your perusal and action. As you are aware, all political parties are resorting to freebies, some of them may be logical and much needed, however, some of them are not required and lack fiscal prudence on behalf of the political parties and their candidates. Political parties often realize this mistake sooner (or) later after forming their own governments. Election Manifestos are meant to provide a strong vision and action agenda of political parties as to how the political parties would contribute to holistic reforms and inclusive development of different sections of the society. Every time a political party makes an election promise, and fails to deliver on it for whatever reason, it undermines the trust and faith of the people in the democratic processes, institutions and, ultimately, the democracy itself. Therefore, it is in the interest of all the people, society and nation that the trust in the very idea of democracy be enhanced and strengthened. This draft legislation marks a significant step in that direction. I appeal to the both of you to gather inspiration from our Hon'ble Former Prime Minister Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji who enacted Fiscal Responsibility & Budget Management Act in 2003 for the purpose of ushering in an era of 'fiscally responsibility and prudence in governance'. This draft legislation attempts to usher in an era of 'fiscally responsibility in electoral politics' under your esteemed and magnanimous leadership. RPA (Election Manifestos Regulation Amendment) Bill, 2025 Draft Link: https://www.crfhgr.org/our-legislative-agenda-1-election-manifestos-regulation-bill We hope you will consider and act on this! Thank you! Yours sincerely, ______________________ Find your Lok Sabha MP Find your Rajya Sabha MP Email Subject Line & Body Text (For our Hon'ble Members of Parliament) Email Subject Line: Appeal by your Voter | Need for a Legislation to Regulate Election Promises | Urgent Attention & Action Requested Email Body Text: Greetings Hon'ble Sir/Madam, I, __________________________, a voter of your Lok Sabha (Parliamentary) Constituency and/or State, would request you to propose and endorse the idea of regulating the election promises made by the political parties and political candidates in their election manifestos by way of working towards the enactment of a parliamentary legislation titled "Representation of the People (Election Manifestos Regulation Amendment) Bill, 2025 " . A draft of this bill can be found at the link given below for your perusal and action. As you are aware, all political parties are resorting to freebies, some of them may be logical and much needed, however, some of them are not required and lack fiscal prudence on behalf of the political parties and their candidates. Political parties often realize this mistake sooner (or) later after forming their own governments. Election Manifestos are meant to provide a strong vision and action agenda of political parties as to how these parties would contribute to holistic reforms and betterment of different sections of the society. Every time a political party makes an election promise, and fails to deliver on it for whatever reason, it undermines the trust and faith of the people in the democratic processes, institutions and, ultimately, the democracy itself. Therefore, it is in the interest of all the people, society and nation that the trust in the very idea of democracy be enhanced and strengthened. This draft legislation marks a significant step in that direction. Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill Draft Link: https://www.crfhgr.org/our-legislative-agenda-1-election-manifestos-regulation-bill We hope you will consider and act on this! Thank you! Yours sincerely, ______________________

About us Chirravuri Research Foundation for Human and Global Reforms i.e., CRFHGR is a Section 8, Not-for-Profit Research Company that undertakes novel research in Humanities, Management and Social Sciences to promote progress, prosperity and peace in human societies at local, regional, sub-national, national and global levels. The agenda of CRFHGR is to make this world better by stepping into the uncharted paradigms of humanities and social sciences research. It was established in August 2023 after the approval and registration by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Gove rnment of India with the CIN: U72200TS2023NPL176476 and Section 8 Non-Profit License No. 147287 in Hyderabad, Telangana. Our Mission Building better systems through research and evidence-based practice. Understand the core challenges related to Human Development and Governance. Craft solutions to promote holistic well-being of individuals and communities. Zero avoidable human suffering Happier Human Lives True & perpertual world peace Our Vision The Leadership Akhil is a public policy researcher, a political consultant and, a doctoral research fellow in public policy with over 4 years of professional experience in public policy & legislative research, stakeholder engagement, campaign strategy & execution, narrative management, impact consulting and capacity building. His area of research interests are Techno-politics, Digital Societies & Governance and Citizen Activism. He believes in simplifying the matters of policy, administration and politics to all the stakeholders for informed decision-making thereby contributing to a better action and reform agenda. On the global governance front, he believes in the need of a new world order based on 'rules-based engagement' and 'reformed multilateralism'. Akhil Chirravuri (Director) 3 Draft Legislations 7 Parliamentary Constituencies 4 Political Parties 10 Political Campaigns 6 Politicians 15 Policy Review Papers Our Team , We are a compact team of professionals with rich professional experience across diverse backgrounds. Just as all the good things require time, our good team is in the process of expansion, gradually! A. Swathi Vaishnavi (Director) Swathi is a Chartered Accountant (C.A.) and an Auditor with 4 years of experience in Accountancy, Audit and Risk Consulting. A. V. S. Manikanta Sastry (Finance & Accounts Incharge) Sastry is a Financial Accountant with about 6 years of experience in financial management, corporate auditing and accounting. Sai Santosh Yakkali (Head – Innovation & Strategy) Santosh is a Management Consultant and an Entrepreneur with over 6 years of professional experience in management consulting, strategy execution & business innovation. Goutham Pratapa (Head – Web Development & Digital Technology) Goutham is a Software Engineer with over 9 years of experience in Linux, DevOps, MLOps, Machine & Deep Learning and Data Science. P. Sri Lakshmi (Executive Trustee) Parimi Sri Lakshmi oversees various activities related to the smooth functioning of the organization. D. Hitesh Kumar (Head – Global Technology Policy Division) Hitesh is a Cloud Engineer and has a penchant for human and industrial development policies. He possesses over 8 years of professional experience in IT Consulting, Cloud Technology and Data Science. Dr. M. Azharuddin (Advisor – Urban Studies) Dr. M. Azharuddin is a Post-doctoral Researcher in Water Resources Managment at University of Minnesota. He possesses over 7 years of solid research experience in water resources management and urban development. Pranith Ganguly (Research Assistant) Praneeth is a fresher in M.A. Political Science from Hyderabad Central University. His intellectual bent to innovative, out-of-the-box critical thinking is thrilling even for the most of us experienced professionals. Our Alumni

www.crfhgr.org is the official website of Chirravuri Research Foundation for Human & Global Reforms, a Not-for-Profit Research Company working for Human and Global well-being. 1/4 REFORMING HUMANITY & WORLD ONE STEP AT A TIME No posts published in this language yet Once posts are published, you’ll see them here.

Legal Rights No women can be arrested between 6:00 PM & 6:00 AM. (CrPC section 46). A police officer CANNOT refuse to lodge an FIR. If he/she refuses so, they could be jailed for up to 6 months to 1 year. (IPC section 166A). A police officer is ALWAYS on duty whether (or not) he/she is wearing a uniform. (Police Act, 1861) A police officer CANNOT say that he/she is NOT on duty while you visit him/her to file a complaint. (Police Act, 1861) Only women constable or women police official can arrest a woman. Male constables have NO right to arrest a woman. (CrPC, 1973) In case of a serious crime in which a woman is accused, a male police officer CAN arrest a woman ONLY after the receipt of written order from the Magistrate. (CrPC, 1973). A person can seek Anticipatory bail in case of expectation of being named or accused of having committed a Non-bailable offence. (CrPC, Section 438) To get anticipatory bail, a person must approach the Sessions Court (or) the High Court and disclose a proper reason citing section 438. If the court sees merit in the petition, it grants an anticipatory bail. A Hindu married couple CANNOT register a divorce petition with-in a year of marriage (Section 14 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955). However, if the high court feels that the petitioner is experiencing immense problems, then, the judge can permit the petitioner to file for divorce. Article 20 (2) of the constitution mandates that a person cannot be prosecuted or punished twice for the same offence. A police CANNOT conduct any search in a person’s house WITHOUT a search warrant (CrPC, Section 93). A Search Warrant should clearly and specifically mention the document (or) the thing which is being searched for, date, time and place of search along with any other relevant details. A police CANNOT simply take away your phone or personal computer for scrutiny WITHOUT a proper & specific search warrant allowing them to scrutinize personal belongings. NO magistrate other than a District Magistrate (or) a Chief Judicial Magistrate can issue a search warrant. Search and seizure of documents or things should be made in compliance with the provisions of Section 100 of CrPC. Police must search the house in the presence of the Owner of the home/office. The owner CANNOT be asked to leave while the search is taking place. If police take/seize any object from the property after their search, they must make a list of articles seized. The owner, at least 2 independent witnesses and the Police officer must verify the list and then sign. A copy of the list of articles that the police are taking must be given to the owner of the house/office. Illegal detention of a person is a serious offence. A police should formally arrest a person before taking him/her into custody. If the police summon someone for questioning, they must conduct the interview promptly and efficiently. The police cannot make someone wait endlessly at the police station and in such circumstances; the person is free to leave whenever they want. If you are aware that a police officer is illegally detaining a person, you can complain about the offending officer to his senior or to a magistrate. the arrested or detained individual's lawyer to go immediately to the High Court or the Supreme Court and file a ‘Habeas Corpus' petition seeking the person’s immediate release. A woman who has been taken into custody has to be kept in a separate lock up in the police station and any examination or body search must be conducted by a woman officer or doctor. According to the general law, children under the age of 7 years cannot be accused of a crime, hence cannot be taken into police custody. The procedure for questioning, apprehension, custody, release and bail of children up to the age of 18 is all governed by the Juvenile Justice Care and Protection of Children Act of 2002. JJCPCA, 2002 states that each police station must have a juvenile police unit with specially trained officers. A child must not be kept in lockup at all, but instead must be immediately handed back to the parents on bail and assurances. If the parents are not available, or it is felt that the child is at risk of falling into bad company then the child must be sent to the local observation home till he/she is brought before the juvenile court. It is illegal for the police to slap, beat, threaten, intimidate or torture any person who is being held in custody. Policemen can be removed from service and can also go to jail for doing this. The police are responsible for the wellbeing and safety of an arrested person. If anyone suspects torture of a person who is in police custody, they can report it to the National or State Human Rights Commission, to a magistrate or to the Legal Services Authority. The matter can also be taken directly to the High Court or Supreme Court. It is also against the law for the police to force an individual into making a confession. The police have the right to interrogate an individual but they cannot strong-arm one to say anything that he/she has no knowledge of or to confess to some crime that he/she has not committed. Under any circumstance and in any case, a confession that is made to a police officer is not admissible in court. A confession is only valid if it made to or before a magistrate. No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself/herself. (Article 20(3) of Indian Constitution). Steps to be followed while taking an individual into the custody. An Arrest Memo must be made by the police either at the time of arrest or the instant the suspect is brought into the police station. A family member or friend of the arrested person must be informed, by the police, of the arrest and the location that the police are holding the person at. An Inspection Memo detailing the physical condition of the arrested person on his/her arrival into custody must be prepared by the police. Legal representation for the arrested individual must be provided. The police must present the arrested individual before a magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest. The police cannot take anyone into custody and hold them at a secret location. As soon as the police make an arrest they have to do prepare an Arrest Memo and send that to the local magistrate. 35. Once an FIR has been filed the police are legally bound to start investigating the case. Once the investigation has been concluded the police will record all their findings in a ‘Challan’ or charge sheet. If it is deemed that there is enough proof on the charge sheet the case goes to court. 36. For any reason If the police decide to close the case, they are bound to inform the person who filed the FIR of their decision. 37. When an FIR is registered and written down by the police it is done in triplicate. One copy remains with the police and is filed in their FIR register, the second copy goes to the magistrate and the third should be handed over to the person who filed the FIR. 38. One must insist on getting a copy of the FIR immediately as it is the proof of the FIR having been registered. The copy is to be provided free of cost by the police. 39. An FIR can only be filed for a cognizable crime. 40. In the event someone is trying to file an FIR for a crime that falls in the non-cognizable category it is the duty of the police to listen to them, enter the matter in their daily register or dairy, give the person a signed copy of the entry made (as proof of the matter being recorded) and direct them to the closest or appropriate magistrate. 41. The signed copy of the entry made by the police is free of cost and is a right to receive.

Simplifying key problems at individual, community, social and societal level through our issue-briefs. Browse through and read them to learn more to expand your understanding of the most pressing issues. Issue Briefs Social Brief #1 Understanding Millennial’s and Gen Z’s outlook towards life is key to socio-economic reform Insights from the Deloitte's 2022 and 2023 survey on aspirations, expectations and pressing concerns among the millennials and gen-z individuals. {Brief Type} Brief {#No.} This is your Project description. A brief summary can help visitors understand the context of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. Description {Brief Type} Brief {#No.} This is your Project description. Provide a brief summary to help visitors understand the context and background of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. Description {Brief Type} Brief {#No.} This is your Project description. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. Description {Brief Type} Brief {#No.} This is your Project description. Provide a brief summary to help visitors understand the context and background of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. Description {Brief Type} Brief {#No.} This is your Project description. A brief summary can help visitors understand the context of your work. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start. Description

Our Legislative Reform Agenda > Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill Email Subject Line & Body Text (For our Hon'ble Members of Parliament) Email Subject Line: Appeal by Your Voter | Need of a Legislation to Regulate Election Promises | Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill Email Body Text: Greetings Hon'ble Sir/Madam, I, __________________________, a voter of your Lok Sabha (Parliamentary) Constituency and/or State, would request you to propose and endorse the idea of regulating the election promises made by the political parties and political candidates in their election manifestos by way of working towards the enactment of a parliamentary legislation titled Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill. A draft of this bill can be found at the link given below for your perusal and action. As you are aware, all political parties are resorting to freebies, some of them may be logical and much needed, however, some of them are not required and lack fiscal prudence on behalf of the political parties and their candidates. Political parties often realize this mistake sooner (or) later after forming their own governments. Election Manifestos are meant to provide a strong vision and action agenda of political parties as to how these parties would contribute to holistic reforms and betterment of different sections of the society. Every time a political party makes an election promise, and fails to deliver on it for whatever reason, it undermines the trust and faith of the people in the democratic processes, institutions and, ultimately, the democracy itself. Therefore, it is in the interest of all the people, society and nation that the trust in the very idea of democracy be enhanced and strengthened. This Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill draft legislation marks a significant step in that direction. We hope you will consider and act on this! Thank you! Yours sincerely, ______________________ Find your Lok Sabha MP Find your Rajya Sabha MP Email ID: appt.pmo@nic.in Email Subject Line: Appeal by a concerned Indian | Need of a Legislation to Regulate Election Promises | Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill Email Body Text: Greetings Hon'ble Prime Minister Sir, As an Indian citizen, I appeal your attention to the urgent need of regulating the election promises made by the political parties and political candidates in their election manifestos by way of working towards the enactment of a parliamentary legislation titled Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill. A draft of this bill can be found at the link given below for your perusal and action. As you are aware, all political parties are resorting to freebies, some of them may be logical and much needed, however, some of them are not required and lack fiscal prudence on behalf of the political parties and their candidates. Political parties often realize this mistake sooner (or) later after forming their own governments. Unfortunately, even the parties like BJP which had advocated for fiscal responsibility are resorting to making unsound election promises (that are detrimental to the fiscal position and financial health of governments and states across the country). Election Manifestos are meant to provide a strong vision and action agenda of political parties as to how these parties would contribute to holistic reforms and betterment of different sections of the society. Every time a political party makes an election promise, and fails to deliver on it for whatever reason, it undermines the trust and faith of the people in the democratic processes, institutions and, ultimately, the democracy itself. Therefore, it is in the interest of all the people, society and nation that the trust in the very idea of democracy be enhanced and strengthened. This Election Manifestos (Regulation) Bill draft legislation marks a significant step in that direction. I appeal to you to gather inspiration from our Hon'ble Former Prime Minister Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji who enacted Fiscal Responsibility & Budget Management Act in 2003 for the purpose of ushering in an era of 'fiscally responsible governance'. This draft legislation attempts to usher in an era of 'fiscally responsible electoral politics' under your esteemed and magnanimous leadership. We hope you will consider and act on this! Thank you! Yours sincerely, ______________________ Email Subject Line & Body Text (For our Hon'ble Prime Minister)

Fundamental Duties "Duties came before Rights. The exercise of Rights implies the exercise of Duties" [Article 51A] It shall be the duty of every citizen of India — (1) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (2) To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; (3) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (4) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; (5) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (6) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (7) To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures; (8) To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; (9) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence; (10) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement; (11) Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

Public Health

Food Rights As a consumer you have certain rights with regards to the food and food products you purchase. You also have a redressal mechanism to help you. All you have to do is to be aware and exercise your rights. Click on the logo above to visit FSSAI official website. Click here for a list of Food Advisories

Data Reforms Working towards establishing a "National Personal & Digital Data Commission" with complete constitutional authority to deal with all digital data affairs both at National, State and District level. Union Government’s authority over UIDAI & AADHAAR data and any other type of personal data should be revoked and transferred to the National Personal & Digital Data Commission. All the current state level digital data boards shall be brought under the ambit of the National Personal & Digital Data Commission to remove State Government’s intervention.

Working Papers involving ongoing research in key focus areas involving humanities and social sciences research. Working Papers Working Paper #1 Justice or Punishment-centred? Comparative Study of IPC/BNS, CrPC/BNSS and IE/BSA Authors: Akhil Chirravuri & Snehitha Pachipulusu A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Working Paper #3 Comeback & Build India: NRI Concerns, Needs, Engagement Strategy & Way Forward to Enable Brain Circulation Authors: Akhil Chirravuri A comparative study of international best practices from Israel, China, and Ireland demonstrates that successful diaspora engagement models prioritize mutual benefit, targeted incentives, and private-sector-led knowledge networks. These nations have effectively transformed "brain drain" into "brain circulation," where human capital moves fluidly to generate value for both the country of origin and the host country. Project Name A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Aa Working Paper #2 India's Upcoming Socio-Economic Caste Census – Challenges, Mitigation & Lessons from 2011 SECC & other International Ethnic Census Enumeration Experiences Authors: Akhil Chirravuri This report establishes the logical and constitutional necessity of a nationwide Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) as an indispensable tool for evidence-based policymaking and the fulfillment of India's social justice mandate. The absence of contemporary, empirical data on caste has created a policy vacuum, forcing the state to rely on outdated, nearly century-old statistics for the implementation of constitutionally mandated affirmative action programs. Project Name A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Aa Project Name A comparative study of old criminal laws and the new criminal laws 1 year after its implementation. Debunking narratives on the justice-centric approach and the grey areas that were deliberately left out by the Government to check civilian liberties. Aa

Concurrent List (or) List — III 1. Criminal law, including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code at the commencement of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List II and excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or any other armed forces of the Union in aid of the civil power. 2. Criminal procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Criminal Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution. 3. Preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of a State, the maintenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community; persons subjected to such detention. 4. Removal from one State to another State of prisoners, accused persons and persons subjected to preventive detention for reasons specified in entry 3 of this List. 5. Marriage and divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills, intestacy and succession; joint family and partition; all matters in respect of which parties in judicial proceedings were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution subject to their personal law. 6. Transfer of property other than agricultural land; registration of deeds and documents. 7. Contracts, including partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and other special forms of contracts, but not including contracts relating to agricultural land. 8. Actionable wrongs. 9. Bankruptcy & Insolvency. 10. Trust & Trustees. 11. Administrators-general & official trustees. 11A. Administration of Justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts. 12. Evidence and oaths; recognition of laws, public acts and records, and judicial proceedings. 13. Civil procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration. 14. Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the Supreme Court. 15. Vagrancy; nomadic and migratory tribes. 16. Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of lunatics and mental deficients. 17. Prevention of cruelty to animals. 17A. Forests. 17B. Protection of wild animals and birds. 18. Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods. 19. Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of entry 59 of List I with respect to opium. 20. Economic and social planning. 20A. Population control and family planning. 21. Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts. 22. Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes. 23. Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment. 24. Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers' liability, workmen's compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits. 25. Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour. 26. Legal, medical and other professions. 27. Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan. 28. Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions. 29. Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants. 30. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths. 31. Ports other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports. 32. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways. 33. Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of — (a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest, and imported goods of the same kind as such products; (b) foodstuffs, including edible oilseeds and oils; (c) cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; (d) raw cotton, whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seed; and (e) raw jute. 33A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards. 34. Price control. 35. Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principles on which taxes on such vehicles are to be levied. 36. Factories 37. Boilers. 38. Electricity. 39. Newspapers, books and printing presses. 40. Archaeological sites and remains other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance. 41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared by law to be evacuee property. 42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property. 43. Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State. 44. Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty. 45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in List II or List III. 46. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List. 47. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.